Effect of Lipid Treatment

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Lipid Treatment. Answer: Introduction: Lipid treatment has a great effect on the HT- 29, HCT 116 and Caco-2 epithelial cells. The lipid treatments may include the palmitic acids, Omega 3 and Oleic acid. The short chain fatty acids such as acetate, butyrate and propionate are the major metabolic products of the anaerobic bacteria fermentation, which takes place in intestine. It acts as the fuel of the intestinal epithelial cells. In view of Asarat et al. (2015), propionic acid refers to the three carbon short chain fatty acid. This has various effects on the colonic functions. SCFA can modify effects of lipid induced epithelial cells either lonely or as a mixture. Different concentration of SCFA affects the intestinal epithelial cells. In this context, the roles of lipid and SCFA are discussed. The assignment focuses on the various effects of lipid treatment on body and the pathways signaling of different lipid activation. In the literature review section, various aspects of the lipid treatment are discussed. Ramakers et al. (2007) mentioned that the treatment of lipids has various effects on the HT- 29, HCT 116 and Caco-2 epithelial cells. The short chain fatty acids include the acetate, butyrate and propionate. These have significant role on the physiological function of the colonocytes and epithelial cells. Sukhotnik et al. (2008) stated that SCFA are co cultured with normal intestinal epithelial or the adenocarcinoma derived. On the other hand, Sun et al. (2017) opined that Omega 3 PUFA have inflammatory property, which have different mechanism. However, in the patients with the bowel disease, the transcription factors (NF-kB) and the intercellular expression are involved in the recruitment of leukocytes. This happens to the side of the increased inflammation. The palmitic acid has affects on the early intestinal adaptation incase of rats, who suffer from short bowel syndrome (Beyaz et al. 2016). The gut bacteria metabolize the short chain fatty acid. On the other hand, as mentioned by Sukhotnik et al. (2008), propionic acid may have effects on the intestinal mucosal wall function. It needs to be mentioned that this barrier functions are rare during the pre weaning. HCT29 and HCT116 are the two human colon epithelial cells. These cells are lined with the FFA4. Vinolo et al. (2011) opined that omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid is known as the essential fatty acid that is not absorbed in the human body. In a study, Tang et al. (2011) showed that FFA4 identification as the GPCR for the ling chain PUFAs and FFA4 are reported, which is involved in fatty acid stimulation. The involvement helps to release the cholecystokinin and glucagon like peptide 1. Eicosapentaenoic acid has effects on the expression of the Caco-2 enterocytes as well as the oleic acid (Xia et al. 2017). Investigate how SCFA (butyrate, acetate and propionate) either as mixture or alone can modify the effect of lipid induced epithelial cells alterations. Also, the effects of different concentrations of SCFAs on viability, proliferation and apoptosis responses in intestinal epithelial cell. The human epithelial cells can contribute to the regulation of the intestinal immune response through various ways like various immune factors production and inflammation. The immune factors production includes the interleukin (IL8) that acts as the chemoattractant for the neutrophils (Zhang et al. 2016). SCFA has effects on the IECs viability and IL-8 in vitro production. SCFA can be co-cultured with the normal intestinal epithelial or it can be co-cultured with the adenocarcinoma derived. Cell proliferation, viability and production of the IL8 and the expression of the IL mRNA can be determined in cell cultures. This can show that 20 mM of the SCFA was the non-cytotoxic and the growth was enhanced (Mobraten et al. 2013). On the other hand, the HT29 growth was inhibited. The SCFAs regulated the LPS stimulated IL 8 secretion. This happens with the various response patterns. However, no positive effects are seen on IL 8 release from the non LPS stimulated cells. Ramakers et al. (2007) mentioned that the SCFA has effects on the LPS stimulated IL 8 release with the mRNA expression of IL 8. This can explain the anti carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory mechanism of the SCFAs. The fatty acyl co-A contains short chain fatty acid, which can diffuse via the inner mitochondrial membrane (Asarat et al. 2015). The short chain fatty acid activation and the membrane transport is done by the binding to the coenzyme A. when the acetyl CoA enters into the citric acid cycle with the molecule of oxaloacetate, succinyl coA enters as well as the principle (Tan et al. 2014). It is a catabolic process, in which the short chain fatty acids break down. In case of SCFA synthesis lipid metabolism plays significant role. Discuss what the lipids and SCFAs activate in the cells. What pathways signaling are activated (PPAR delta, PPAR gamma, wnt - catenin genes, GPR). Use diagrams to explain them more. Den Besten et al. (2013) mentioned that the GRP is a glycosylated, G-protein and transmembrane that coupled the receptors to activate the phospholipase C signaling pathway. The receptor is expressed in the numerous cancers such as lung, prostate and colon cancer. However, GRP is a protein-coding gene that activates the ligands of gastrin-releasing peptide (Sun et al. 2017). The function of the pathway is to help in the breathing properly. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma is a member of nuclear receptor. PPAR- activators are the diverse group of the agents, which ranges from the endogenous fatty acids. PPAR gamma binds with the retinoid X receptor and signal antiproliferative antiangiogenic pathways (Koh et al. 2016). The Wnt pathway causes the accumulation of the catenin in cytoplasm. Kasubuchi et al. (2015) stated that the nucleus acts as the transcriptional coactivator that belongs to either TCF or LEF family. This pathway plays significant role in the mutation, which leads type 2 diabetes, breast and prostate cancer and giloblastoma. In view of Kasubuchi et al. (2015), PPAR- ? function as the integrator of the transcription repression as well as the nuclear receptor signaling. This mainly activates the transcription of the various genes that binds to the specific DNA substances. The target genes include ANGPTL4, CD36 and PDK4. These expressions of genes help to elevate the colorectal cancer cells. APC can repress the elevated expression that is involved in the PPAR- ? signaling pathway (Beyaz et al. 2016). Lipid lowered drug targets the PPAR- ?. In case of obesity, PPAR- ? plays significant role to regulate the metabolic dysfunction and reduce the health issues regarding obesity. Mentioned the additional questions that remaining to be explored in this area, what is still unknown about this topic. There are several facts that are unknown to be explored in this context. Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that sodium Butyrate helps to treat the HCT- 116 and the HT- 29 cells with the indicated concentration. From the findings, it can be highlighted that PPAR- ?, which is diet modulated can alter the function of the intestinal stem as well as the progenitor cell function. However, the DHA, AA and EPA elicit similar signaling events (Tang et al. 2011). SCFA are co cultured with normal intestinal epithelial or the adenocarcinoma derived. With the various kinetics and the efficiency via GRP120 in the Caco- 2 cells are also elicited. This will help to understand the dietary PUFAs, which influence the inflammatory processes relevant to decline the PUFAs effect in treatment of IBD. The effects of the Caco- 2 dees not affect the PPAR activation (Sukhotnik et al. 2008). Early exposure to the high palmitic acid both accelerates and augments the structural bowel adaptation in the rat model of the SBS. The responsible factors are the lowered cell apoptosis and the increased cell proliferation. HFD affects the progenitor cells and PPAR- ? pharmacological activation. SCFA has effects on the LPS stimulated IL 8 release with the mRNA expression of IL 8. Non stimulated ICAM- 1expression and the cytokine can stimulate the Caco- 2 cells that is cultured for twenty two days with the arachidonic acid. References: Asarat, M., Vasiljevic, T., Apostolopoulos, V. and Donkor, O., 2015. Short-chain fatty acids regulate secretion of IL-8 from human intestinal epithelial cell lines in vitro. Immunological investigations, 44(7), pp.678-693. Bentley?Hewitt, K.L., De Guzman, C.E., Ansell, J., Mandimika, T., Narbad, A. and Lund, E.K., 2014. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modify expression of TGF? in a co?culture model ultilising human colorectal cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to Lactobacillus gasseri, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology,116(5), pp.505-513. Beyaz, S., Mana, M.D., Roper, J., Kedrin, D., Saadatpour, A., Hong, S.J., Bauer-Rowe, K.E., Xifaras, M.E., Akkad, A., Arias, E. and Pinello, L., 2016. High-fat diet enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors. Nature, 531(7592), pp.53-58. Den Besten, G., van Eunen, K., Groen, A.K., Venema, K., Reijngoud, D.J. and Bakker, B.M., 2013. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism.Journal of lipid research,54(9), pp.2325-2340. Kasubuchi, M., Hasegawa, S., Hiramatsu, T., Ichimura, A. and Kimura, I., 2015. Dietary gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and host metabolic regulation.Nutrients,7(4), pp.2839-2849. Koh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P. and Bckhed, F., 2016. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites.Cell,165(6), pp.1332-1345. Lou, H., Lu, J., Choi, E.B., Oh, M.H., Jeong, M., Barmettler, S., Zhu, Z. and Zheng, T., 2017. Expression of IL-22 in the skin causes Th2-biased immunity, epidermal barrier dysfunction, and pruritus via stimulating epithelial Th2 cytokines and the GRP pathway.The Journal of Immunology,198(7), pp.2543-2555. Mobraten, K., Haug, T.M., Kleiveland, C.R. and Lea, T., 2013. Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs induce the same GPR120-mediated signalling events, but with different kinetics and intensity in Caco-2 cells. Lipids in health and disease, 12(1), p.101. Nagaraj, A.B., Joseph, P., Kovalenko, O., Singh, S., Armstrong, A., Redline, R., Resnick, K., Zanotti, K., Waggoner, S. and DiFeo, A., 2015. Critical role of Wnt/-catenin signaling in driving epithelial ovarian cancer platinum resistance.Oncotarget,6(27), p.23720. Ramakers, J.D., Mensink, R.P., Schaart, G. and Plat, J., 2007. Arachidonic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and oleic acid activates NF-B and elevates ICAM-1 expression in Caco-2 cells. Lipids, 42(8), pp.687-698. Sukhotnik, I., Hayari, L., Bashenko, Y., Chemodanov, E., Mogilner, J., Shamir, R., Yosef, F.B., Shaoul, R. and Coran, A.G., 2008. Dietary palmitic acid modulates intestinal re-growth after massive small bowel resection in a rat. Pediatric surgery international, 24(12), p.1313. Sun, M., Wu, W., Liu, Z. and Cong, Y., 2017. Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids, GPCR, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Journal of Gastroenterology, 52(1), pp.1-8. Tan, J., McKenzie, C., Potamitis, M., Thorburn, A.N., Mackay, C.R. and Macia, L., 2014. The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease.Adv Immunol,121(91), p.e119. Tang, Y., Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Robbins, G.T. and Nie, D., 2011. G?protein?coupled receptor for short?chain fatty acids suppresses colon cancer. International journal of cancer, 128(4), pp.847-856. Vinolo, M.A., Rodrigues, H.G., Nachbar, R.T. and Curi, R., 2011. Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids. Nutrients, 3(10), pp.858-876. Wei, J., Li, Z. and Yuan, F., 2014. Evodiamine might inhibit TGF?beta1?induced epithelialmesenchymal transition in NRK52E cells via Smad and PPAR?gamma pathway.Cell biology international,38(7), pp.875-880. Xia, Z., Han, Y., Wang, K., Guo, S., Wu, D., Huang, X., Li, Z. and Zhu, L., 2017. Oral administration of propionic acid during lactation enhances the colonic barrier function. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16(1), p.62. Zhang, J., Yi, M., Zha, L., Chen, S., Li, Z., Li, C., Gong, M., Deng, H., Chu, X., Chen, J. and Zhang, Z., 2016. Sodium butyrate induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in colorectal cells: implications for apoptosis. PloS one, 11(1), p.e0147218.

External Environment and Strategic Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the External Environment and Strategic Management. Answer: Introduction Strategy refers to a plan of action developed by individuals, groups, business, and organization for smooth operations, growth, and expansion of a business or process. With more people accessing the internet it is has become important for businesses and organizations to develop effective strategies to handle their operations(Sekhar, 2009). Failure to adopt or develop an effective business strategy will only result in the business failing to meet competitor specification resulting customers opting alternative brands. Strategy refers to a businesss action plan related to its product and service development and its production and market expansion. Every business must develop an action plan addressing continued product and service development as well as brand growth, diversification, and growth(Thompson, 2006). Five factors which must be included in a business or organizations strategic or action plan are listed below: It is imperative that every business retains its future vision and growth and expansion plan. This allows the business to constantly evaluate the market and competitors allowing the business to review competitor products and services and identify features the products are offering. This allows for the brand to also include those features to their future designs thus allowing them to remain competitive(Kumar, 2012). It also allows the brand to consider new innovative ideas by studying competitors in the market and combining their features to identify newer and more attractive features that can be infused to the brand's products or services to keep consumers interest interested in the brand's products and services. Failing to put together an innovation, development and growth planning team would result in the brand failing to deliver innovative products and services leading to self-destruct mode. This was experienced by Nokia which was once the best and most popular mobile phone brand but the brand failed to be investing in innovation resulting in the brand's sudden failure and loss. Identification of Strengths and Weaknesses Strategic planning also requires a business or organization to be able to undertake a strengths and weaknesses evolution. This is very important as it would allow the management identify areas the business is strong in but more importantly it would allow the business identify its weaknesses which can be reviewed to determine solutions(Hill Jones, 2007). One of the major concerns linked to many businesses is the failure to analysis, identify and accept their weaknesses. This results in business owners turning a blind eye towards the weakness which gradually disrupts the businesses operations leading to a sudden and serious failure. Identifying and understanding the weaknesses allows the business to work on solutions which help overcome the weakness, in turn, making the business more stable and strong. Strategic development plans must put in place the organizations as well as its staff's development needs. Only focusing on the business or organizations needs and ignoring staff needs would result in losing employee confidence which in turn will result in a high employee e turnover rate. This makes it important for the business to take into business to develop strategic plans which focus on familiar growth for all stake holders as well as offer the opportunity to build and learn new skills and knowledge. Skill and knowledge development among the staff is very important as many may not only be motivated by financial income and may also desire additional learning and skill development(WBP, 2007). By acknowledging their interest a business can win their confidence which would help the business develop more stable strategic and growth plans. Planned Resource allocation and utilization Raw materials and Resource are the most crucial element of any business. Every business depends heavily on raw materials, energy, utilities or man power which is all classified as resources. This makes it critical for the business to carefully plan its resource allocations and usage to prevent over use and wastage which could compromise operational plans. Resources must be evenly allocated and utilization plans developed to ensure even distribution and use of the resources throughout the year or until the resources can be replenished. Lack of planning results in resource exhaustion between projects which result in the forced closure of operations till resources are replenished(Carlos, 2008). The same applies to human resource making it important for businesses to educate and train the public and young professional regarding the profession or skills utilized by the business or organization so as to ensure a steady viability of skilled human resource to handle the businesses operations . The strategic plan must also be well aware regarding both the internal and external environmental factors influencing the business or organizations operations(Analoui Karami, 2003). These are factors which can be controlled by the business are organization. These usually include employee well-being, satisfaction, and performance; Product development and innovation and business expansion(Fitzen, 2009). These are factors which the business can influence to improve its performance and growth. External environmental factors are an element which cannot be controlled by the business directly. Supplier commitment, customer preferences, and government policies among several other elements cannot be controlled by a business or organization(Canzer, 2006). What challenges do organizations face in trying to develop and implement a strategy? Successful strategy implementation requires for the business overcome some challenges related to their development and implementations approaches(Verweire, 2014). Below are some important factors which influence static plan success.Development Development of strategic plans involved having a vision related to the businesses development. This involves the development of plans and strategies which will help improve the businesses operations(Melton, 2011). Some challenges which hamper strategic plan development include: A leader is responsible for managing their department as well as performing market research to identify competitors approaches. This makes it important for the leader to constantly review the market and competitors to determine new strategy development. Business and Organization Strategy also face serious complications related to irate planning where the management does not follow up to implement developed plans. These results in the stake holders investing time towards strategy plan development but the plan are never implemented resulting in the loss of contributor interest towards future plan development. Before announcing the requirement for a strategic plan, it is important to outline the objectives of the plan, selection strategy, and implementation. Strategic planning should not be made just to have strategic plans on paper as this doesnt help the business or organizations development. Another major problem related to the effective development of strategic plans is the lack of understanding related to the benefits of the plan to the business. Without a vision of the intended result, the business or organization heads are likely to not understand the importance of strategy development planning. This would result in the business failing to adopt innovation which would result in the business failing to develop new products with the latest features resulting in the gradual loss of customer confidence towards the brand's products or services. Plan development is only useful if the business implemented the plans making plan implementation another important aspect linked to successful strategic planning and development(Butuner, 2015). Some challenges related to planning implementation include: Partial commitment to strategic plans To execute a strategic plan successful it is critical for the stake holders to place their full attention towards the implementation of the plan. This is very important is it ensures full commitment towards strategic plan implementation and critical towards overcoming the complications related to the implementation of the plan. Partial commitment towards strategic plans will result in stakeholders failing to put their full focus towards the execution of the plan and this will result in missing important aspects. Being a new strategy, it is likely for the plan to experience major complications which require stakeholders full attention and focus to identify and result before they hamper the businesses operations. It is also important to have the right people involved in a project so as to execute and follow up on strategic plan implementation. This requires having academically qualifying as well as experiencing and committed people involved on the project to ensure its success. One major problem associated with failed strategic plan implementation is hiring an only qualified professional who lacks experience and knowledge. Experience and knowledge play an important role towards plan implementation since there are high chances of the project encountering an unexpected complication which may not be resolvable using only academic qualifications. In many situations, the solution to the problem may require previous experience and knowledge which makes it important to have an even balance of stakes holders who are qualified, have experience and vast knowledge for successful strategic plan implementation. Changes dont happen easily and most individuals, businesses, and organization will avoid change due to it disrupting the daily routine. This is clearly seen even at the individual levels where the staff does not accept changing their cabin or workstations easily and this is will most likely affect their performance for a short period before they get used to their surrounding again. The same applies at the business and organization level making it important that new strategic plans are carefully implemented to avoid them creating too many disruptions which will affect the business relatively. Do you think the strategy is still a relevant concept in the modern competitive environment? Modern competitive environment refers to the intensely competitive environment which businesses and organizations have experienced during the past 3 decades. The internet and moderns digital technologies have made improved businesses and organizations operations making it important for businesses to adopt new strategies so as to remain competitive in the global business environment(Stanley, 2012). This makes strategy a very important requirement for every business to adopt so as to remain competitive in the market. Developing effective strategic plans help businesses address the following concerns: Having a strategic plan will act as a guide for the businesses or organization. The strategic plans will clearly define the businesses goals, objectives and timeline with which these plans require to be implemented. Having plans allows the business to follow set guidelines which are critical towards the businesses operations and growth Strategy plans also involved the review and contributions of all business or organization stakeholders which allow the business identify important trends in the market as well as identify opportunity. It is important to identify trends so as to understand what competitors are offering their customers after whom innovation can take hold of the process and propose new ideas to be utilized on the businesses which will help improve the businesses opportunities(Ebener Smith, 2015). Innovation is critical towards any businesses success making it an important requirement for the business to review current trends and opportunities where the businesses or organization can expand their operations and improve success.Creates vision Strategic plans create vision towards the businesses or organization future development and growth. This allows all stake holders to focus their attention towards the businesses growth which is critical towards the businesses success. Vision allows the stake holders to set development and target milestones thus allowing the businesses achieve higher success rates as compared to businesses which do not have a strategic development plan. It also helps organize the staff and stakeholders who can develop long term plans for both their personal and well as business development. Conclusion Businesses and organizations must be able to develop effective strategic plans to address their future developmental needs. Every organization and stake holder must have a growth plan making it important for the business to develop the plans and also involve all stake holders to the strategic planning process. This helps secure the best feedback and approaches linked to the plans which can be used towards development and growth of the projects. Bibliography Analoui, F. Karami, A., 2003. Strategic Management in Small and Medium Enterprises. Cengage Learning EMEA. Butuner, H., 2015. Systematic Strategic Planning: A Comprehensive Framework for Implementation, Control, and Evaluation. Boca Roton: CRC Press. Canzer, B., 2006. E-Business: Strategic Thinking and Practice: Strategic Thinking and Practice. Boston: Cengage Learning. Carlos, F., 2008. Enterprise Resource Planning for Global Economies: Managerial Issues and Challenges: Managerial Issues and Challenges. Hershey: IGI Global. Ebener, D.R. Smith, F.L., 2015. Strategic Planning: An Interactive Process for Leaders. Mahwah: Paulist Press. Fitzen, L., 2009. Marketing Environment: What factors internal to an organisation can have an influence on the way it perceives and responds to its external environment? GRIN Verlag. Hill, C. Jones, G., 2007. Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. 8th ed. Cengage Learning. Kumar, D.D., 2012. Enterprise Growth Strategy: Vision, Planning and Execution. Cornwall: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Melton, T., 2011. Real Project Planning: Developing a Project Delivery Strategy. Bulington: Butterworth-Heinemann. Sekhar, G.V.S., 2009. Business Policy and Strategic Management. New Delhi: I. K. International Pvt Ltd. Stanley, C.A., 2012. Strategic Planning: A Practical Guide for Competitive Success. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Thompson, 2006. Crafting And Executing Strategy:The Quest For Competitive Advantage (Special Indian Edition). 14th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Verweire, K., 2014. Strategy Implementation. Oxon: Routledge. WBP, 2007. Building Knowledge Economies: Advanced Strategies for Development. Washington DC: World Bank Publications.

Mr. Posgais Biology Ii Class Lab Essays - Web Colors,

Mr. Posgai's Biology Ii Class Lab Abstract Mr. Posgai's Biology II class often pondered the thought of insects' attraction to certain colors on flowers. Well, on September 14, 1999, we decided to experiment and figure out which colors on flowers were more dominant over others. Our Biology class divided up into groups of two and three people. Each group took a different colored piece of poster board. One person in each group applied Tangle Trap to the twelve by nine inch area and stapled each board to a piece of lattice. We then took the lattice outside, about fifty feet from the school building and left it outdoors for about forty-eight hours. When we retrieved our lattice, we counted the number of insects on each board and proved our hypothesis, that insects prefer yellow flowers and white flowers over the other colors, to be true. Introduction During the week of September 13, through September 17, Mr. Posgai's Biology II class carried out an interesting experiment involving insects and their color attractions. Pollination is vital to insect and flower reproduction. Birds and insects drift from flower to flower, selecting the appropriate ?flavor? of their choice to carry on their necessary task of nature. With the way nature works, this process sounds to be simple; however, it is much more complicated and in a sense, more unbelievable than you could ever imagine. A bird or insect flies or walks up into the flower to reach the pollen. As time moves o, that same bird and/or insect will move on to something else and carry the pollen with it. The pollen being transferred like this is a major factor in the flower reproduction system. My class came up with the hypothesis that the insects would be most attracted to the colors of yellow and white. Our hypothesis was proved to be true when we brought in the lattice containing all of the individual colored poster board pieces. The results were not surprising to us, as white had gathered eighty three insects and yellow gathering eighty. These colors together almost are more than the rest of the colors' insect amount combined. Materials and Methods -9 Different color poster boards: red, blue, yellow, white, purple, green, black, orange, and hot pink -Tangle Trap -Putty knife -Pencil -Ruler -Lattice -2 sticks Everyone in the class first divided up into groups of three and four people. Each group chose a 14? by 11? piece of poster board of a different color. They took the ruler and marked off with the pencil, approximately a one inch border for handling. With the putty knife at hand, they applied the Tangle Trap to the middle of the board, being careful not to let it get on their hands or clothing. Handling the piece of poster board by the one inch border on the sides, each group carefully took their board and stapled it to the lattice. The lattice was then placed outside (being held up by the two sticks) with all nine different colored poster boards stapled on it, with each piece having a 12? by 9? available trapping space. After about forty-eight hours, they retrieved the lattice and each group took back their assigned color and counted the number of insects on it. Discussion/Conclusion After retrieving our lattice board from outside, and carefully counting over and over, for reassurance, the total amount of insects on each piece of poster board, and the different types, our class came to the final conclusion that yellow, white, and red were the more dominant colors in this particular experiment. Although, this did not exactly match our hypothesis, the results were close. Also, you must take in to consideration when reading this conclusion that we only made one trial. During a normal experiment, there should be more than one test. Afterall, if is hard to determine the facts of nature with multiple experiments, let alone just one. There could also be many other factors which affected our results. An example would be that not everyone calculated exactly a one inch border from the sides of their poster board. Some people may have put the Tangle Trap on their board thicker than others, which would lead to more or less insects sticking to their particular poster board. Another factor may be that the group who was in charge of the purple poster board had to color a plain white piece. Meaning that the board may not be completely purple, and the insects may be attracted to the white spots showing through the colored board.

Physical attractiveness Essays

Physical attractiveness Essays Physical attractiveness Essay Physical attractiveness Essay The sample was composed of 40 students from the University of Warwick, 20 males and 20 females, between 18 and 24 years of age. Equal numbers of male and female participants were used to counter the effects gender may place on perception of physical attractiveness. The subjects participated in the study on a voluntary basis and were an opportunity sample.  Materials  Two consent forms including a brief about the experiment and the participants role within it was provided for the couples being rated and the independent judges, (see appendix A and B.) Separate colour photographs were taken from the neck up of each member of ten long term heterosexual couples using a digital camera. Long term was defined as courting for 6months or over. These couples were told their photograph would be rated for physical attractiveness by independent judges and that the results would be recorded for a psychological investigation, anonymously and confidentially.  Each photograph was printed on a separate sheet of paper and divided into two groups according to sex (see appendix C.) Paper and pens were used for the subjects to record their ranking order of physical attractiveness for the male and female groups. Microsoft excel was used to format these results (see appendix D.)  SPSS (version 10) software was used to calculate the data set.  Design  The enquiry was a correlation study, exploring the relationship between the two variables of physical attractiveness of an individual and the physical attractiveness of their partner. Spearmans rho statistical test was used to calculate the data set because the study was a correlation design and the data was ordinal. However, my results cannot necessarily be accounted for using different cultures, as Anderson et al (1992) found that attractive characteristics varies from culture to culture. Limitations and Modifications Although my results matched my experimental hypothesis, the experiment had many limitations. Firstly, I was not able to control who advertised themselves in the newspaper and therefore the advertisements may not be representative of the general population. Only a certain type of person would put an advertisement into a newspaper. They may be shy or have a personal difference that stops them from going out. It is also possible that they have personality traits that are not typical of the average person. It could be argued that people who advertise in lonely-hearts advertisements could be argued as abnormal. Most people are able to and meet their partners out on social occasions or at their local sports club but those who are writing into the newspapers must be unable to find somebody in theses situations and therefore could possibly be abnormal. Secondly, people may emphasise certain traits, underestimate others and tell lies or not the full truth. This limits the validity of any conclusions that are drawn from the possibly unreliable results. Also, there is the fact that my pre-determined lists are subjective as they are opinion and therefore someone repeating the experiment may deduce completely different information from the same examples when there were no specific references to youth/looks and wealth/finance. This reduces the ecological validity of my experiment even further. As with most experiments, Cultural variations have to also be taken into account. This could be due to the extent to which countries are developed and the differing cultural priorities. For example in some cultures it is a priority for women to get married and have children, whereas for the men it is to provide food for their family. It is now becoming increasingly more common for the womens role to be more providing and for the mens role to be involved with the children. My results draw attention to the fact that women who have youth/good looks and men that are successful/wealthy (and good looking also) are thought to be the most attractive. These results are apparent in the media and aspects of every day life. For example, photos of women on mens magazines are almost always of women who are youthful and stereotypically good looking. Also, mens magazines often contain content that will offer advice on becoming more successful, and therefore more attractive. Also, many adverts aimed at men signify status symbols and therefore support my findings. One explanation for my results may be because of an evolutionary effect; over time men have become more attracted to good looking women as they will be likely to successfully give birth to children and women have become more attracted to men offering resources as they will be more likely to provide for them and their offspring meaning a higher chance of survival. By doing this, healthy genes can be passed on through the generations and the race can continue to survive. This explanation is supported by Darwins theory of evolution. However, men and women may be influenced by the media, peer pressure or other things that make them try and act or appear more attractive. There is a range of further research that could be carried out to gain a further insight into the nature of these findings. For example, the experiment could be repeated using homosexual ads, and see what resources homosexuals offer and compare those findings to these ones. I could also compare results with findings from samples of an older generation past breeding age so that the findings would be irrelevant to evolution. Additionally, a cross culture investigation would be an interesting investigation to be done. One could study how people in different cultures attract their partners and even compare between more economically developed and less economically developed countries.

What factors determines use of a certain device Research Proposal

What factors determines use of a certain device - Research Proposal Example The independent variable will be measured using the coefficient associated with regression of the objector data to be measured. According to Marshall, Data will be collected using mixed methods approach. Data collection tools will include: Key informant interviews, observation and questionnaires. An example of the questions that will be asked involves, According to Ingersoll, Data will be analyzed using contingent tables. The application of the chi-square statistic is used to assess the relationship between the two variables. The investigator takes the observed frequency (O) and compares it to the expected frequency (E) and combined using the following formula. The importance of this study is to understand the factors that determine the use of a device. The results of this study will confirm the already existing data, add to that data or provide new knowledge in the field. This will promote more research in the field and the public and the government will be more interested to know the findings. The plan for this project is as follows: presentation of the research topic, preparation and presentation of the proposal, data collection, data analysis, documentation and final presentation of the

Kohlbergs Principles of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kohlbergs Principles of Ethics - Essay Example Lawrence Kohlberg was one of the first serious thinkers to study and know about a person's ability to deal with ethical issues which could develop in later life and also whether education could affect that development (Source: Can Ethics Be Taught). Kohlberg developed a theory of moral reasoning, which according to him was the basis for ethical behavior and has three major levels split into six identifiable stages of moral development as shown below: The Stage 1 is a heteronomous orientation focusing on avoiding breaking rules that are backed by punishment, obedience for its own sake and avoiding the physical consequences of an action to persons and property (Source: Studies in moral development and education). The Stage 2 orientation focuses on the instrumental, pragmatic value of an action. Reciprocity is of the form. The Golden Rule becomes, "If someone hits you, you hit them back". Thus one follows the rules only when it is to someone's immediate interests. What is right is what's fair in the sense of an equal exchange, a deal, an agreement with his (her) own interest (Source: Studies in moral development and education). At Stage 3 individuals are aware of shared feelings, agreements, and expectations which take primacy over individual interests. Hence they define what is right in terms of what is expected by people close to their own self, and in terms of the stereotypic roles that define being good. Thus being good here means keeping mutual relationships, such as trust, loyalty, respect, and gratitude. The thinking is that of local community or family. There is no consideration of the generalized social system (Source: Studies in moral development and education). The Stage 4 shifts focus from defining what is right in terms of local norms and role expectations to defining right in terms of the laws and norms established by the larger social system. Thus defining one's social responsibilities. One must obey the law except in extreme cases in which the law comes into conflict with other prescribed social duties. Obeying the law is seen as necessary in order to maintain the system of laws which protect everyone (Source: Studies in moral development and education). While two stages have been mentioned in the third major level only one stage i.e., Stage 5, has received substantial empirical support. Stage 6 remains as a theoretical endpoint which rationally follows from the preceding 5 stages. This level is called the post conventional level and is characterized by reasoning based on principles, using a "prior to society" perspective. The individual's reason here is based on the principles which underlie rules and norms, but reject a uniform application of a rule or norm (Source: Studies in moral development and education). According to Campbell and Bond (1982) Kohlberg's ideas of moral reasoning, moral realism and morality are based on the premise that at birth all humans are void of morals, ethics and honesty. Kohlberg identified the family as first source of values and moral development for an individual. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy being honest or generous is just not a tendency to do what is honest or generous, nor is it to be helpfully specified as a "desirable" or "morally

The Origin And Types Of Thrash Metal Music Essay

The Origin And Types Of Thrash Metal Music Essay We all know punk and classic metal were the two places thrash was taken from. Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Venom, Accept, Iron Maiden, Diamond Head and Thin Lizzy had a big influence on thrash. So did punk bands like Discharge, The Ramones, Sex Pistols and The Dead Boys. Another genre that thrash took influence from was hair metal, from the early hair metal of KISS to the satanic hair metal of Venom. Songs like Symptom of the Universe Black Sabbath, Stone Cold Crazy Queen, Ace of Spades and Overkill Motorhead and dozens of Judas Priest songs like Exciter were the first hints of thrash, with a very different riff-structure and high tempos never reached before by rock/metal. Thrash metal is directly responsible for the offshoot of popular underground metal genres, such as death metal and black metal BLACK METAL: During the 1980s, certain thrash metal bands formed a prototype for black metal. This so-called first wave included bands such as Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer AND Celtic Frost DEATH METAL : Building from the musical structure of thrash metal and early black metal, death metal emerged during the mid 1980s Metal acts such as Slayer, Kreator, Celtic Frost and Venom were very important influences to the crafting of the genre. Along with the band Death and its frontman Chuck Schuldiner, who is often referred to as the father of death metal bands such as Possessed, Obituary and Morbid Angel are often considered pioneers of the genre [b]Early Thrash:[/b] Many people see the genre getting its beginnings in California and the West Coast. But it was happening all over the world. Metal Church is the band that started off the West Coast thrash scene with their infamous Red Skies demo. About the same time as Metal Church was releasing some of the heaviest metal in existence at the time, the same was going on in New Jersey with a cover band, Overkill, who recently started writting their own music. By 1981, Overkill had written, copyrighted and been performing their new song, Unleash The Beast Within, everywhere. Kreator, of Germany, at the time known as Tormentor, was also releasing live demos of some of their new heavy thrash style by the very early 80s. Another band who helped innovate thrash, but is given little credit for it is Znowhite, a thrash band from Chicago, IL. Znowhite had their first demos out by 1981, but a Chicago thrash scene never really developed from it. And last but not least is the Canadian thrash giant, Exciter, who released their first demos as early as 1980! Soon after, still in the very early 80s, a new band was beginning to pick up the lighter thrash/classic metal sound Metal Church had innovated, and they brought it to a new level of speed and heaviness. This band was Leather Charm, a not so well known name, run by a nearly household name, James Hetfield. He developed the style of Metal Church into a new milestone in thrash, which went by the name Hit The Lights. The song started as a cover song, but moved very far away from that and into one of the first true thrash songs ever written. Soon after they finished this song, the band disbanded, and James Hetfield than formed a new band by the name of Metallica in late 1981. Soon many other bands that had connections with some of the first pioneers of thrash, like Overkill, Metallica, Tormentor (Kreator) and Metal Church, started to develop a thrash sound as well. Exodus, Trauma and Warning SF were examples on the east coast. Those three bands, and a few others, being the founders of what would become the biggest thrash scene in existence. And Anthrax would soon follow in Overkills footsteps on the east coast. Sodom, Destruction and Angel Dust followed after Tormentor/Kreators style in Germany. During Metallicas early career, the band was having trouble with their Lead guitarist, who was constantly out partying, drinking and doing drugs. This man was Dave Mustaine, and after Exodus and Kirk Hammet (at the time guitarist of Exodus) were brought to Metallicas attention, they kicked Mustaine out of the band and recruited Kirk Hammet. Not long before this, a new bassist, Cliff Burton, was found by Metallica during a Trauma (Burtons band at the time) concert and recruited as their new bassist. Megadeth was soon formed by the enraged Dave Mustaine to get vengeance against Metallica. [b]The Bay Area/San Francisco:[/b] This thrash scene was founded in the very early 80s, around 1982, by thrash band Exodus as well as Death Angel, Dark Angel, Blind Illusion and Slayer in 1983. Bands like Trauma (who was more so a speed metal band than thrash), Hirax, Testament, Forbidden, Possessed and dozens of others developed and helped the scene as well. Slayer is probably the best known of all the pioneering bands of the Bay Area, although during their early career, it was not thrash they were playing at the start of their career, it was classic metal, hugely influenced by NWOBHM. Blind Illusion is one of the least known, but has two of the most recognized metal musicians of all time, Les Claypool, of Primus, and Larry LaLonde, of Possessed and Primus. Bands like Blind Illusion and Forbidden would become pioneers of a soon to come sub-genre of thrash, Tech. thrash. Possessed and Slayer would become godfathers of the genre that developed from thrash, death metal, as well as brut al thrash. [b]East Coast Thrash:[/b] This scene was largely based in Newyork. The first thrash band of this scene, Overkill, might have started in New Jersey, but they soon relocated to New York. The next band to come was Hades, a straight-forward thrash band with a huge-octived vocalist came onto the thrash scene in 82 with the demo, Deliver Us From Evil. Even though Hades formed in 1978, they didnt record material until 82. Bands like Anthrax came onto the scene soon after in 1982, which were probably the second most important pioneer of the East Coast thrash scene (Even though they came after Hades, they largely popularized the scene, making it easier for thrash bands to make it in New York in particular). Bands like Blessed Death (in 83/84), Nuclear Assault (in 84), Hallows Eve (in 84), Nasty Savage (in 84), Whiplash (in 84), Ludichrist (in 85), Deceased (in 85). A later band who didnt really contribute to the creation of the scene was Blood Feast, and I just thought Id mention them as they re considered the Slayer of the East Coast. [b]Teutonic Thrash: [/b]Better known as German Thrash, was started by thrash band Kreator in 81/82, but at the time, the band was known as Tormentor. For some reason, the German Thrash scene was much heavier in general than any American thrash scene. The two other big pioneers of German thrash were Sodom, in 1983, and Destruction, in 1984.. Vendetta was also a big contributor to the scene, but never got the credit they deserved. They wrote great music and released their first material in 82, before Sodom or Destruction. Bands like Tankard (in 84), Living Death (in 83), Holy Moses (First album in 87, dont know when their first demos were), Iron Angel (in 84) and Angel Dust (in 85), both had huge influences on the scene, too. These bands would go on to help aid the creation of extreme metal (black/death metal), especially Kreator. Some of the other big bands of the scene were Assassin (in 85), Exumer (in 85), Accuser (in 86), Deathrow (in 86) and Paradox (in 87). The oddest of the well known thrash bands is probably Mekong Delta, a prog/thrash band, whose guitarists were unknown for the beginning of their career and are hugely influenced by classical composers. The German thrash scene is still alive with bands like Grinder and Desaster, but its nearing death and is nowhere near as popular as it once was. [b]Canadian Thrash[/b]: Canada is known for producing several top quality tech. thrash, but for some reason, people usually dont go farther beyond the tech. giants like Annihilator and Voivod. The pioneers of the Canadian thrash scene were Exciter (in 1980), Eudoxis (Not very popular, but they have influence almost every Canadian thrash band. They released Metal Fix in 1985), Voivoid (in 83), Annihilator (in 85), Razor (in 84) and Slaughter (in 84.. Not the Shitty Las Vegas hair metal band). Voivod debuted in 1984, but it wasnt until their 1987 album, Killing Technology did they add prog. to their song-structures. Annihilator was the band that started the tech. thrash scene in Canada, while Voivod brought it to new levels. Annihilator didnt debut until 1989, but had tech. thrash demos out as early as 1985. Bands like Razor and Slaughter were some of the earliest thrashers, but it was Eudoxis who set the standards with their near-perfect EP, Metal Fix. Exciter was the first band to br ing thrash/speed metal to Canada, and one of the first three speed/thrash metal bands in existence. Some of the other big Canadian thrashers were Ghoulunatics, Infernal Majesty, Dyoxen, Sacrifice, DBC and Obliveon. On a random note, Eudoxis drummers double bass drums were six feet in diameter each! [b]Brazilian Thrash:[/b] The latest big thrash scene to develop. The scene was started by Ratos de PorALo, they were a hardcore punk band, bordering thrash, and were fairly popular. The actual thrash scene was pioneered by Vulcano (in 83), Sepultura (in 85), Korzus (in 84/85) and Overdose (in 85). Other big Brazilian thrash bands are Chakal (in 86), Dorsal AtlAcntica (in 85.. Known as Ultimatum at the time), Opprobrium (in 87.. Then known as Incubus, no relation to the rap-metal band Incubus, though), Mutilator (in 85), Torture Squad (in 93) and Holocausto (in 85.. It was a very controversial band, and Ill explain why soon). Sepultura was a brutal thrash band that released their first material in 1985, AKA Bestial Devastation. They were influenced by Brazilian death/thrash band, Vulcano, the first big thrash band onto the scene. Now about Holocausto, you can probably guess why they were controversial from the name. Holocausto was a thrash of neo-nazis whose lyrics were based on neo-n azism. The Brazilian thrash scene is still healthy and probably the only of the big thrash scenes still far from death. [b]Thrash from Everywhere Else[/b]: There were a couple other smaller thrash scenes that I decided to just throw together in an Everywhere Else section. There was Sabbat (in 85), Onslaught (in 83) and Xentrix (in 89), being the three premier British thrash bands. Prog. Thrash band Stone (in 87) of Finland, Artillery (in 83) of Denmark and uber-technical thrash band Coroner (in 86) of Switzerland. Finally, there is Mortal Sin (in 87), Hobbs Angel of Death (in 88 ) and Sadistik Exekution (in 91) of Australia. Those are all the big thrash metal bands I havent covered yet. Now onto sub-genres. [b]Crossover:[/b] This is a sub-genre of bands whose punk influence is so strong that they crossover into both hardcore and thrash. The sub-genre was first introduced by DRI (AKA Dirty Rotten Imbeciles) with their 1982 EP, Dirty Rotten EP. The next most important pioneer was Suicidal Tendencies who released their first material in 1983. They usually influenced thrash and started the Crossover sub-genre. Bands to follow in their footsteps would be Nuclear Assault (in 84), Hirax (in 85), Anthrax (In 85, as after their debut, they began focusing on their hardcore influences), Stormtroopers of Death (in 85), MOD (in 86), Ludichrist (in 85) and Cryptic Slaughter (in 86). [b]Groove Metal :[/b] Groove Metal was a genre of groove-based melodies and usually slower tempod riffs, solos, etc, than normal thrashThis genre was pioneered by Exhorder in the mid/late eighties (Starting in 86), but popularized by Pantera (First Groove Metal albums in 1990). The genre became very popular before of Pantera and was also played by Sepultura on the album, Arise. some other great groove metal bands are Machine Head (in 94), Ghoulunatics (in 95), Prong (Later albums) and Overkill (From The Killing Kind to BloodLetting.. AKA their 1996-1999 albums). [b]Technical Thrash:[/b] This genre is pretty much a combination of progressive metal and thrash metal. The pioneers of this genre were Watchtower, of Austin Texas, who released their first material in 1984, on the Demo Meltdown. They were the first big metal band to fuse prog. and thrash, along with Blind Illusion at least, who released less popular demos in very late 1983/1984. Annihilator followed in a thrashier form of technical thrash with their first demos being released in 1985. Some other great pioneering tech. thrash bands are Voivod (in 87), Forbidden (in 88), Coroner (in 86) and Megadeth (on Rust In Peace). [b]END OF THRASH METAL[/b] In the 1990s, many veteran thrash metal bands began changing to more accessible, radio-friendly styles. Metallica were a notable example of this shift, particularly with their mid to late 90s albums Load (1996), and ReLoad (1997), which both displayed minor blues and southern rock influences, and were seen as a major departure from the bands earlier sound. Megadeth took a more accessible hard rock route starting with their 1992 album Countdown to Extinction, and Testament released the melodic The Ritual in 1992 [b]THRASH IS BACK (2000s)[/b] Thrash metal has recently seen a certain degree of resurgence of popularity. Bands including Municipal Waste, Evile, SSS, Sanctity and Gama Bomb have been cited as key in the resurgence of thrash metal. The genres sense of recklessness and energy has been cited as a potential reason for its resurgence. Also many bands that ended around the 90s gathered again around 2000s, bands like Exumer, Evildead, Dark Angel (band), Death Angel, Nuclear Assault, Defiance (band), Whiplash (band), Hirax, and Possessed (band). Older thrash bands have continued to put out material such as Megadeths Endgame (2009), Slayers World Painted Blood (2009), Metallicas Death Magnetic (2008), Destructions D.E.V.O.L.U.T.I.O.N. (2008), Sodoms The Final Sign of Evil (2007), Death Angels Relentless Retribution (2010), Kreators Hordes of Chaos (2009), Exodus Exhibit B: The Human Condition (2010), Overkills Ironbound (2010), Onslaughts Killing Peace (2007), Testaments The Formation of Damnation (2008), Metal Church This Present Wasteland (2008), Artillerys When Death Comes (2009), and Voivods Infini (2009). In September 2009, it was reported that Metallicas Lars Ulrich was attempting to assemble a tour with thrash metals Big Four ? Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer, and Anthrax ? together on one bill. The Big Four took the stage together for seven shows in the Sonisphere Festival concert series.