Transgender Discrimination At The Workplace An...

Nicolette Diodati Psychology of Identity Professor Carson March 31, 2015 Transgender Discrimination in the Workplace: An Educational Workshop on Inclusion and Respect As the recognition and inclusion of the LGBT community continues to grow and progress, there has been an increase in the importance of creating awareness about many issues surrounding the inequality this group faces. With much of the focus solely on Gay and Lesbian issues and awareness, other groups facing gender equality issues are pushed aside. Today, the proportion of employees who identify as transgender does not even qualify as a fraction of the workforce, however those who do identify as a trans person in the workplace constantly feel the pressure of inequality and exclusion on them. Transgendered people face serious challenges and discrimination within the workplace. Some of the most prominent and pressing issues are said to be proper pronoun identification, acceptance of use of gender-specific facilities, and a general misunderstanding that as physical characteristics change, the work-rate and productivity will still be the same. In a study done by Brewster, Velez, Mennicke, and Tebbe (2014), they aimed to decipher where the biggest problem is - whether it be interpersonal issues, intrapersonal factors, systemic/organizational issues, or logistics issues. By asking 139 self-identified transgender people a series of open ended questions pertaining to their experiences, successes, and/or strugglesShow MoreRelatedCurriculum And Educational Learning Outcomes2097 Words   |  9 Pageswhat students expect to learn. (Concepts, 2014) Different journals and books further define curriculum differently. According to Ebert E, Ebert C and Bentley M curriculum is referred as â€Å"material, which students use to interact to achieve the educational learning outcomes.† I believe teachers are catalyst and actually represent curriculum while talking to parents and students. Teacher should understand the key purpose of curriculum and make sure they are setting students for future and help themRead MoreWomen Employment in India7222 Words   |  29 PagesGENDER DISCRIMINATION (Women employment in China and India) Sunida Singh Expo36@gmail.com 082 WE FORGET TO TAKE A PHOTO TOGETHER ^ ^ TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction3 Gender discrimination4 Global Women Employment6 Women Employment in China†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦11 Women Employment in India14 * Labor force trends amp; legislation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 * Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 * Changing Work Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Successful case to promote women employment AVONRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDeveloping an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise

The Major Themes of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

The two major themes of Heart of Darkness are the conflict between â€Å"reality† and â€Å"darkness,† and the idea of restraint and whether or not it is necessary. Conrad’s passage describing the restraint of the hungry cannibals exemplifies both themes: It describes how reality shapes human behavior, and contrasts the characters of Kurtz and Marlow. â€Å"Reality,† as it is used here, is defined as â€Å"that which is civilized.† Conrad emphasizes the idea of what is real versus what is â€Å"dark,† what is civilized versus what is primitive, what colonizes versus what is colonized, repeatedly throughout Heart of Darkness. As stated above, â€Å"real,† in this case, contains all the implications of a civilized society: clothing which covers a person’s†¦show more content†¦Although not in the same passage, Conrad touches on this idea of â€Å"reality† much more thoroughly in Marlow’s description of his own desire to experience what is â€Å"primitive.† While gliding down â€Å"the river,† the passengers are met repeatedly with howls and â€Å"horrid faces† from the shore. Marlow says, â€Å"You wonder I didn’t go ashore for a howl and a dance? Well, no – I didn’t†¦I had no time. I had to mess about with white-lead and strips of woolen blanket helping to put bandages on those leaky steam-pipes.† Here, Marlow is obviously curious about these natural â€Å"primitive† ceremonial/religious/social orgies, but must tend to reality. He must tend to the only machine of civilization within perhaps hundreds of miles. He is ruled by the clock, just like the people of London and every major city. Reality, for him, is work, progress, efficiency, etc. Marlow is too devoted to his work and, although he may be curious, will never actually go ashore with the natives as long as duty beckons. Earlier he describes with contempt the â€Å"principles† which tame a man, and the luxuries he pretends to need. He describes men’s clothes as â€Å"pretty rags – rags that would fly off at the first good shake.† He questions the necessity of these petty items, but his accusation is hypocritical in that he will never stop wearingShow MoreRelatedComparing Shakespeares Othello with Conrads Heart of Darkness738 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeare’s Othello with Conr ad’s Heart of Darkness It is often that when we read great works of literature we come across similar themes. Authors use powerful ideas that they believe will move their readers and relate to them so they become engaged in the words written. William Shakespeare and Joseph Conrad were amazing writers of their times and even though their works were written almost 300 years apart, both, Othello and Heart of Darkness, have coinciding themes. The major theme that both ShakespeareRead More The Role of Kurtz’s Intended in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Kurtz’s Intended in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Very often in literature minor characters appear for only a short time in the story but carry a very heavy significance in the overall meaning of the book. Kurtz’s Intended, in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, is this kind of character. The unnamed woman only appears for a brief period at the end of the novel, but Conrad includes her for three very crucial reasons. He has Kurtz’s fiancà ©e appear to provide a justification forRead More Symbols and Symbolism in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesof Symbolism in Heart of Darkness       Joseph Conrad played a major role in the development of the twentieth-century novel.   Many devices that Conrad applied for the first time to his novels gained wide usage in the literary period he helped to create.   Perhaps the most effective of his pioneering techniques was his application of symbolism in his novels.   In Heart of Darkness, Conrads symbolism plays a dominant role in the advancement of themes in the novel.   These themes are revealed notRead More Light and Dark of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness1542 Words   |  7 PagesThe Light and Dark of Colonialism Exposed in Heart of Darkness       In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad, challenges a dominant view by exposing the evil nature and the darkness associated with the colonialist ventures. It is expressed by Marlow as robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind - as it is very proper for those who tackle a darkness. The European colonialists are portrayed as blind lightbearers, people having a faà §ade of progress and cultureRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness1745 Words   |  7 Pagesin depth review of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, a classical novella that illustrates without bias the motives behind human intentions and the extremes individuals can go to achieve wealth and profits at the expense of others with the aim of shedding insight into the rise of European imperialism, the imperial history, its politics and evil activities in the colonized African tribes along the river Congo during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The Heart of Darkness is an exceptionallyRead MoreEssay on Joseph Conrad: An Innovator in British Literature1765 Words   |  8 PagesJoseph Conrad: An Innovator in British Literature      Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrad’s innovative literature is influenced by his experiences in traveling to foreign countries around the world. Conrad’s literature consists of the various styles of techniques he uses to display his well-recognized work as British literature. His prose style, varying from eloquently sensuous to bare and astringent, keeps the reader in constant touch with a mature, truth-seeking, creative mind (Hutchinson 1). Conrad’s novelsRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1199 Words   |  5 PagesHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad depicts the events, locations, and ideas that Marlow encounters in terms of Light and Darkness. As Marlow starts his journey from the city of civilization and enlightenment which creates an atmosphere of light, but his viewpoint changes as on his journey he encounters the African jungles that lead to immense darkness. In Fitzgerald’s May Day, in and out is symbolic of Gordon’s situation. Gord on is out of luck and seeks help, is in a hope that his friend Philip DeanRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Heart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now1353 Words   |  6 Pagessurprise when I learned that it was sort of based on Joseph Conrads famous novella, Heart of Darkness. Conrads book, the tale of the sailor Marlowes African adventure, is a study on the evils of colonialism. The two stories at first glance do not seem very similar, but after examining both, it is quite shocking the degree of similarity between the two. Many people have been able to draw comparisons to Joseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness and Francis Ford Coppolas film Apocalypse Now, but theRead More The Style, Technique, and Structure of Conrads Heart of Darkness2805 Words   |  12 PagesStructure of Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novella Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is proof that a novel does not have to be long to have literary merit. Heart of Darkness is quite short, yet intriguing, due to the content of the novel. Much like Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Heart of Darkness overwhelms the reader by the power of the story so that one will never feel quite satisfied with their attempts to intellectualize the experience (Adelman 8).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Heart of Darkness was writtenRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1378 Words   |  6 PagesBecca Woytassek AP English 12 Heart of Darkness Reading Log Author: Joseph Conrad Title: Heart of Darkness Original Publication Date: 1899 Kind of Writing: Heart of Darkness is a colonial novella of an expository narrative. Writer’s Purpose and Intended Audience Joseph Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness because he wanted to expose human temptation to experiment with darkness when one’s own desires overcome one’s morals. By writing from his own experience of exploring the Congo, Conrad draws conclusions

The Managerial Functions Of Management - 1238 Words

An organisation needs managers to be able to accomplish its goals. They contribute to organisational value, its financial performance, and productivity by the efficiency and effectiveness of managerial tasks (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to justify why we need managers in the organisation and how they become so influential to its performance and the employee’s job satisfaction through their functions, roles and skills. Basically, managers are classified to hierarchical levels, so that they perform differently by functions, managerial roles and skills they need to have. This essay will start by explaining why managers are important in the organisation, and afterwards briefly discussing the†¦show more content†¦However, globalisation also affects the manager’s awareness due to organisational value in comparison with cross-national business partners (Gentry Sparks, 2012). Likewise, the importance of managers consists of t heir functions, roles and skills, which they need to perform efficiently. In 1949, Fayol (as cited in Lamond, 2003) identified a theory through surveys that there are five functions of managers, which are planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Planning is a process which managers are necessarily good at intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies, as it is related to handle and encourage people with all the obligations required to be able to make preparations and aim for optimum outcomes rather than minimum exposure. It is basically the function of all level of managers, but dominated by top managers because they make long-term plans instead of short-term plans, which are made by middle and first-level managers. Afterwards, organising means building up the undertaking material and human organisation. This includes having an adequate knowledge to find essential work force and put each where he/she can do the most effective duties. So, this is the function of top managers because they are the one who have authorities to do that. The next function is to command. Commanding is suggested as an initiation to set organized employees who are fully motivated and work together in a

Public Health and Hyudraulic Fracturing - 1476 Words

This paper explores the process and potential effects of hydraulic fracturing in a public health framework. It defines the relationship between hydraulic fracturing and public health by presenting the pathways and nature of contamination. It concludes by examining the potential effects contaminants may have on the human populations as well as offering recommendations for future studies and analysis. Pathways of Contamination It is believed that the potential health consequences of hydraulic fracturing begin at the start and last long after the operation has stopped (McDermott-Levy et. al. 2013:46), which makes it difficult to track where specific contaminates are originating in the process. This section aims to explore the different†¦show more content†¦ii. Surface Water There are two kinds of water that exist on the surface-level as waste from the process of hydraulic fracturing. They are flowback and produced water. Flowback water contains several chemicals that are known to cause health effects such as skin, eye, and sensory organ damage (Finkel and Law 2004:784). The second is produced water, which is the water that is used within the well itself (Adgate 2014:7). Both of these waters are stored in either surface pits or sealed tanks prior to reuse and/or disposal. The main pathway to water contamination occurs when these wastewaters are improperly disposed of or poorly managed. These waters contain fracturing fluids and natural occurring contaminations (Moss et.al. 2013:4). The method of disposing of the water and brine extracted from the shale has the potential to affect the water quality of lakes, rivers, and streams; damage public water supplies; and overwhelm public wastewater treatment plants (APHA 2012:4). It is also possible that if spills or accidents occur the runoff will leak into the water supply, which would affect the drinking water quality. b. Air contamination is another pathway that introduces chemicals into the environment during the process of hydraulic fracturing. It also releases unintended

Sarbanes-Oxley Free Essays

string(156) " Any significant change or observation made by the signing officers, within internal controls which can negatively impact must be reported by the officers\." Securities Exchange Commission is the highest authority which administers and monitors the audit of U. S Listed Companies at NYSE, NASDAQ and Dow Zones. All U. We will write a custom essay sample on Sarbanes-Oxley or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. Listed Companies which get traded at U. S. bourses, have to comply with the FASB rules and practice GAAP standards of accounting. Non-compliance to any of the auditing rules prescribed by GAAP would be seriously viewed. U. S. Federal Government works in the interest of public investors and it expects all public companies to work in a transparent method by disclosing fair transactions in annual financial statements of all public companies. Particularly, with the collapse of Enron, which is the world’s largest corporation, which shocked the entire corporate world, with the clean opinion of company’s auditor. , Arthur Anderson. The emphasis here is more on auditing committees and board of directors of the company who must participate and work without any prejudicial interest, with the fact that Board of Directors are the fiduciary officers of a company who work and intermediate between shareholders and management of the company whereas Auditors are the representatives of public investors who must in all respects protect and safeguard the investments of public. In spite of highly qualified CFOs, COOs and CEOs, who are penalized for falling part of the non-compliance, officers also invite criminal charges. In order to prevent future scandals in corporate America and also to protect all the investments of investors, President Bush signed the law of SOX on 30th July, 2002 and it was passed through Congress for unanimous support. For the common investor, SOX is a great saver and also enables complete transparency about a public listed company. Further this is also in the interest of Federal Government whose responsibility to safeguard the international businesses and nation’s economy. Discrepancies found in Enron that laid foundation to SOX Enron filed bankruptcy in the year 2001 and the company’s share dropped down from $ 90 per share to $ 0. 30 cents per share. Fortune magazine named Enron as â€Å"America’s most innovative Company†. Enron had nearly $ 101 billion revenues prior to the filing of bankruptcy and it was the most successful company in United States in supplying electricity and natural gas. Surprisingly, all the credit rating agencies viz. , SP, Moody’s Investors Service, Fitch Rating have given all good credit ratings until Enrol filed Chapter 11. According to SOX reporting standards , some of the discrepancies found in Enron are viz. , successive resignations of management, inaccurate and unreliable financial statements, CEO stock sales during blackout period, nondisclosure of earlier CEO stock sales, off-balance sheet transactions to hide losses, destruction of documentation and rigging of ratings. After three months of collapse of Enron, another giant Internet company Global Crossing Ltd. , filed its bankruptcy indicating its financial condition. WorldCom followed by Tyco went completely bankrupt indicating disability to run the companies any longer. One common factor in all of the above companies, is either mismanagement or non-practice of professional accounting procedures which yielded the companies to its last stage of fate and certainly, this could have been prevented by methodical and professional accounting procedures particularly with the authentication and certification of Auditors who in all probability are relied upon by the SEC and Federal Government. Therefore, the emphasis here is that auditors have to be free and fair in certifying the financial statements and in order to thoroughly screen the public companies, without leaving any scope for fraudulent account procedures, U. S. Government has initiated SOX law in the year 2002. (Jill Gilbert Welytok Sarbanes-Oxley for Dummies) Literature Review What is SOX law? Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 also called as SOX is mandatory for all organisations including large and small. This legislation is aimed at enforcement of financial practices, regulations and to ensure corporate governance. Sarbanes-Oxley is named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley, who were main designers in setting number of deadlines for the compliance of legislation. SOX is arrnaged in eleven titles. Some of the most importance sections with regard to the compliance are sec. 302, 401, 404, 409, 802 and 906. Compliance through SOX has to be performed methodically, through proper analysis and study. After a thorough work, SOX leaves no scope for any fraud or misrepresentation of facts and figures and by far, it recommends all the organisations to act in a credible manner stating that â€Å"don’t put off until tomorrow what can be done today! † in order to save companies and also refraining from adverse consequences caused by lenient views either by audit committees or by the management of the companies. SOX has helped many companies to draw benefit from the compliance of regulations as it provides a clear picture of financial status of the company and to those who would like to have to access to the information about a particular company. Further, this also helps the U. S Government to keep a watchful eye on the financial status of companies and keeps a vigilance on the financial system of companies. (A guide to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002) Methods Section 302 of SOX This section is listed under Title III of the Act and details about â€Å"Corporate Responsibility for Financial Reports†. Section 302 states that periodic filing of statutory financial reports should be certified by the signing officers who must review the report. The report must not contain any untrue or false statements or omissions or misleading statements. The financial statements must state only related information which is fairly presented and must also reflect on the financial condition of the company and must also details the results of all material facts and aspects. The signing officers are responsible for all internal controls and must evaluate these internal controls within previous 3 months and must have reported on the findings. A list of all deficiencies if any found, in the internal controls or any fraud information that involves the employees of the company who are involved in internal activities must be stated. Any significant change or observation made by the signing officers, within internal controls which can negatively impact must be reported by the officers. All the provisions of this Section cannot be avoided by transferring or reincorporating the activities of a company outside United States. Whether company is operating within United States or outside United States, must comply with this Section as a registered company under Securities Exchange Commission. (A guide to Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002, summary of section 302) Section 401 of SOX This section is listed under Title IV of the Act and discusses about â€Å"Disclosure in Periodic Reports†. Financial statements published must be accurate and must not contain any incorrect statements or admit the fact that material information is stated. Financial statements apart from regular Profit Loss Account and Balance Sheet, also include off-Balance Sheet liabilities, obligations or any transactions. To this effect, the Commission would study and report with a complete analysis of off-Balance Sheet transactions and to what extent these are transparent. The Commission has also to decide whether GAAP principles or any other regulations are resulting in its reporting. Section 404 of SOX This section is listed under Title IV of the Act and discusses about â€Å"Management Assessment of Internal Controls†. All Annual Reports of companies have to publish information about the scope and adequacy of the internal control structure and other procedures with regard to financial reporting. This statement must also confirm the effectiveness about internal controls and procedures. A registered accounting firm can also attest and report on the assessment and about effectiveness of the internal control procedures for financial reporting. Section 409 of SOX This section is listed under the Title IV of the Act and details about â€Å"Real Time Issuer Disclosures†. Issuers are required to provide information on material changes pertaining to financial conditions or changes. Public must have access to information on urgent basis and no delay can be made. These disclosures have to be presented in an easy and understanding manner and the information should be qualitative with graphic presentations as required. Section 802 of SOX This section is listed in Title VIII of the Act and pertains to the â€Å"Criminal Penalties for Altering Documents†. This section states that penalties and fines or imprisonment up to 20 years is levied on the persons who are responsible for altering, destroying, concealing, falsifying records or documents or tangible objects. This act done either with an intention to obstruct, impede or to influence a legal investigation is seriously viewed by the SOX officers. Further this section also imposes penalty or fine or imprisonment up to 10 years on any accountant who knowingly or willfully violates the provisions of this section or violates the maintenance of audit or review of papers for a period of 5 years. Discussion SOX is divided into many parts and each part carries certain specific rules and regulations which are prescribed for easy understanding of corporates. SEC-Rules states about SOX SEC Rules and Regulations, which states that officers have to certify about the maintenance, regularity and establishment of effectiveness of the issuer’s internal controls. IC-Primer states about internal control framework, risk control, assessments, audit programs relating to Sections 302 and 404 regarding Certification of Disclosure and Managements’ Internal Controls and Procedures. This framework established by COSO/SAS-78. SOX Act 2002 is aimed at to improve the quality and transparency in financial reporting, independent audit and accounting services for public companies and also to create a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, to work towards setting up of standards for best accounting practices and also to strengthen the independence of audit firms who audit public companies. Further SOX is aimed at to increase the corporate responsibility and the useful advantages of financial disclosure, to protect the independence of securities analyst and also to improve the Securities and Exchange Commission resources for all purposes. SOA-Manual lists all the key dates and timetable, self-assessment questionnaires, definitions relating to Titles II and III regarding Auditor Independence and Corporate Responsibility. Forms have to be prepared independently or by the assistantship of a practitioner who is engaged to perform accounting compliance services. (Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002, Financial and Accounting Disclosure Information) According to Pricewaterhouse Coopers Report 2006, â€Å"Audit Committees Effectiveness, what works best† focus and emphasis is more on financial statements, compliance and ethics, relationship with external auditors, risk management and internal control which discuss as to how effective practice of auditing can be conducted in organizations. There is also an emphasis about external auditing and internal auditing which is conducted periodically within the internal environment by internal audit committees and whose report can reveal much accounting information about the recording of business transactions of organizations. After the year 2002, which witnessed the unfortunate events in U. S. corporate sector, the entire corporate world, stood up for more accuracy and correct presentation in financial statements. A quote which states â€Å"prevention is better than cure† which is applicable in health, is also now applicable to corporate sector with the fact that, companies would never reach to the last stage of liquidation or bankruptcy, if the companies had been properly conducting internal audits and external audit, and thoroughly complying with the auditing procedures and has been GAAP accounting practices, worst state-of-affairs could have been prevented and many companies could be saved. Another development in the corporate sector that is to be noted is, loss making companies or companies that are performing low in business, are finding many potential ways to save the companies by mergers or acquisitions. In the recent years, throughout the world there have many mergers and acquisitions (MA). For example Daimler-Benz is now called as DaimlerChrysler, JP Morgan Chase Co. , purchased Bank One Corp, CitiCorp purchased Travelers Group, ATT Inc purchased Bell South Corporation. It can be stated here that, MA activity saved many companies in the past decade and even saved jobs of many people. Apart from MA activity, SOX Act is equally protecting companies and public investments and there can be absolute assurance about the compliance of SOX regulations. This is due to the fact SOX aims at checking the fraudulent working of organizations. From another angle, SOX Act credibility is also being questioned by the legislative authorities and another alternative is also being looked for future business regulations. According to the authorities, who believe that the advantages of SOX would never last long which is why another source of compliance is being searched. (How Does The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Impact American Business? ) However, the Federal Government continues to update SOX mandates and in the year 2007, U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved new auditing standard for internal controls. In order to bring more awareness about auditing, SEC and PCAOB are encouraging auditors to undertake risk-based approach in the evaluation of internal controls on financial reporting of public companies. There are many benefits from SOX compliance such as findings can be used in evaluations, it would reduce the costs associated with risk assessment, it would also reveal the risks that an organization is confronted with and the remedial measures available to manage risk, help companies to begin groundwork for risk assessment and to introduce more regulations and specifications and further a risk management program can be developed through SOX compliance. As stated above the success of SOX is quite benefiting to both American companies as well U. S. Federal Government with the fact that SOX identifies assets and activities, monitors the activities and ensures accuracy in financial statements which is the most important activity in checking the health of a listed company. Access to data wherever required demonstrates and indicates the practice of Accounting Standards according to FASB Rules and it reveals complete business transactions of a company. SOX can also retrieve entire events, records, commands given to data server and find out whether there is any mismanagement, forgery or fraudulent activity in the accounting procedures. SOX also generates audit reports which gives a full length of information about each and every company. The information that is provided by SOX enables Government to take necessary steps to issues notices or memos to U. S companies to make necessary corrections wherever required and can also provide plans for remedial measures to save the companies from liquidation. SOX is a wake up call for many American businesses and also to all those foreign companies which are venturing into business with American companies. Conclusion SOX continues to keep the companies under check and investigation about the compliance of accounting procedures as laid in FASB Rules and also about the compliance of auditing procedures in internal controls. It is very difficult for American companies to evade any procedures which come under the purview of SOX and therefore, there is expected to be a neat and clean organizations with excellent auditing committees. How to cite Sarbanes-Oxley, Papers

Effect of Lipid Treatment

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Lipid Treatment. Answer: Introduction: Lipid treatment has a great effect on the HT- 29, HCT 116 and Caco-2 epithelial cells. The lipid treatments may include the palmitic acids, Omega 3 and Oleic acid. The short chain fatty acids such as acetate, butyrate and propionate are the major metabolic products of the anaerobic bacteria fermentation, which takes place in intestine. It acts as the fuel of the intestinal epithelial cells. In view of Asarat et al. (2015), propionic acid refers to the three carbon short chain fatty acid. This has various effects on the colonic functions. SCFA can modify effects of lipid induced epithelial cells either lonely or as a mixture. Different concentration of SCFA affects the intestinal epithelial cells. In this context, the roles of lipid and SCFA are discussed. The assignment focuses on the various effects of lipid treatment on body and the pathways signaling of different lipid activation. In the literature review section, various aspects of the lipid treatment are discussed. Ramakers et al. (2007) mentioned that the treatment of lipids has various effects on the HT- 29, HCT 116 and Caco-2 epithelial cells. The short chain fatty acids include the acetate, butyrate and propionate. These have significant role on the physiological function of the colonocytes and epithelial cells. Sukhotnik et al. (2008) stated that SCFA are co cultured with normal intestinal epithelial or the adenocarcinoma derived. On the other hand, Sun et al. (2017) opined that Omega 3 PUFA have inflammatory property, which have different mechanism. However, in the patients with the bowel disease, the transcription factors (NF-kB) and the intercellular expression are involved in the recruitment of leukocytes. This happens to the side of the increased inflammation. The palmitic acid has affects on the early intestinal adaptation incase of rats, who suffer from short bowel syndrome (Beyaz et al. 2016). The gut bacteria metabolize the short chain fatty acid. On the other hand, as mentioned by Sukhotnik et al. (2008), propionic acid may have effects on the intestinal mucosal wall function. It needs to be mentioned that this barrier functions are rare during the pre weaning. HCT29 and HCT116 are the two human colon epithelial cells. These cells are lined with the FFA4. Vinolo et al. (2011) opined that omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid is known as the essential fatty acid that is not absorbed in the human body. In a study, Tang et al. (2011) showed that FFA4 identification as the GPCR for the ling chain PUFAs and FFA4 are reported, which is involved in fatty acid stimulation. The involvement helps to release the cholecystokinin and glucagon like peptide 1. Eicosapentaenoic acid has effects on the expression of the Caco-2 enterocytes as well as the oleic acid (Xia et al. 2017). Investigate how SCFA (butyrate, acetate and propionate) either as mixture or alone can modify the effect of lipid induced epithelial cells alterations. Also, the effects of different concentrations of SCFAs on viability, proliferation and apoptosis responses in intestinal epithelial cell. The human epithelial cells can contribute to the regulation of the intestinal immune response through various ways like various immune factors production and inflammation. The immune factors production includes the interleukin (IL8) that acts as the chemoattractant for the neutrophils (Zhang et al. 2016). SCFA has effects on the IECs viability and IL-8 in vitro production. SCFA can be co-cultured with the normal intestinal epithelial or it can be co-cultured with the adenocarcinoma derived. Cell proliferation, viability and production of the IL8 and the expression of the IL mRNA can be determined in cell cultures. This can show that 20 mM of the SCFA was the non-cytotoxic and the growth was enhanced (Mobraten et al. 2013). On the other hand, the HT29 growth was inhibited. The SCFAs regulated the LPS stimulated IL 8 secretion. This happens with the various response patterns. However, no positive effects are seen on IL 8 release from the non LPS stimulated cells. Ramakers et al. (2007) mentioned that the SCFA has effects on the LPS stimulated IL 8 release with the mRNA expression of IL 8. This can explain the anti carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory mechanism of the SCFAs. The fatty acyl co-A contains short chain fatty acid, which can diffuse via the inner mitochondrial membrane (Asarat et al. 2015). The short chain fatty acid activation and the membrane transport is done by the binding to the coenzyme A. when the acetyl CoA enters into the citric acid cycle with the molecule of oxaloacetate, succinyl coA enters as well as the principle (Tan et al. 2014). It is a catabolic process, in which the short chain fatty acids break down. In case of SCFA synthesis lipid metabolism plays significant role. Discuss what the lipids and SCFAs activate in the cells. What pathways signaling are activated (PPAR delta, PPAR gamma, wnt - catenin genes, GPR). Use diagrams to explain them more. Den Besten et al. (2013) mentioned that the GRP is a glycosylated, G-protein and transmembrane that coupled the receptors to activate the phospholipase C signaling pathway. The receptor is expressed in the numerous cancers such as lung, prostate and colon cancer. However, GRP is a protein-coding gene that activates the ligands of gastrin-releasing peptide (Sun et al. 2017). The function of the pathway is to help in the breathing properly. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma is a member of nuclear receptor. PPAR- activators are the diverse group of the agents, which ranges from the endogenous fatty acids. PPAR gamma binds with the retinoid X receptor and signal antiproliferative antiangiogenic pathways (Koh et al. 2016). The Wnt pathway causes the accumulation of the catenin in cytoplasm. Kasubuchi et al. (2015) stated that the nucleus acts as the transcriptional coactivator that belongs to either TCF or LEF family. This pathway plays significant role in the mutation, which leads type 2 diabetes, breast and prostate cancer and giloblastoma. In view of Kasubuchi et al. (2015), PPAR- ? function as the integrator of the transcription repression as well as the nuclear receptor signaling. This mainly activates the transcription of the various genes that binds to the specific DNA substances. The target genes include ANGPTL4, CD36 and PDK4. These expressions of genes help to elevate the colorectal cancer cells. APC can repress the elevated expression that is involved in the PPAR- ? signaling pathway (Beyaz et al. 2016). Lipid lowered drug targets the PPAR- ?. In case of obesity, PPAR- ? plays significant role to regulate the metabolic dysfunction and reduce the health issues regarding obesity. Mentioned the additional questions that remaining to be explored in this area, what is still unknown about this topic. There are several facts that are unknown to be explored in this context. Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that sodium Butyrate helps to treat the HCT- 116 and the HT- 29 cells with the indicated concentration. From the findings, it can be highlighted that PPAR- ?, which is diet modulated can alter the function of the intestinal stem as well as the progenitor cell function. However, the DHA, AA and EPA elicit similar signaling events (Tang et al. 2011). SCFA are co cultured with normal intestinal epithelial or the adenocarcinoma derived. With the various kinetics and the efficiency via GRP120 in the Caco- 2 cells are also elicited. This will help to understand the dietary PUFAs, which influence the inflammatory processes relevant to decline the PUFAs effect in treatment of IBD. The effects of the Caco- 2 dees not affect the PPAR activation (Sukhotnik et al. 2008). Early exposure to the high palmitic acid both accelerates and augments the structural bowel adaptation in the rat model of the SBS. The responsible factors are the lowered cell apoptosis and the increased cell proliferation. HFD affects the progenitor cells and PPAR- ? pharmacological activation. SCFA has effects on the LPS stimulated IL 8 release with the mRNA expression of IL 8. Non stimulated ICAM- 1expression and the cytokine can stimulate the Caco- 2 cells that is cultured for twenty two days with the arachidonic acid. References: Asarat, M., Vasiljevic, T., Apostolopoulos, V. and Donkor, O., 2015. Short-chain fatty acids regulate secretion of IL-8 from human intestinal epithelial cell lines in vitro. Immunological investigations, 44(7), pp.678-693. Bentley?Hewitt, K.L., De Guzman, C.E., Ansell, J., Mandimika, T., Narbad, A. and Lund, E.K., 2014. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modify expression of TGF? in a co?culture model ultilising human colorectal cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to Lactobacillus gasseri, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology,116(5), pp.505-513. Beyaz, S., Mana, M.D., Roper, J., Kedrin, D., Saadatpour, A., Hong, S.J., Bauer-Rowe, K.E., Xifaras, M.E., Akkad, A., Arias, E. and Pinello, L., 2016. High-fat diet enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors. Nature, 531(7592), pp.53-58. Den Besten, G., van Eunen, K., Groen, A.K., Venema, K., Reijngoud, D.J. and Bakker, B.M., 2013. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism.Journal of lipid research,54(9), pp.2325-2340. Kasubuchi, M., Hasegawa, S., Hiramatsu, T., Ichimura, A. and Kimura, I., 2015. Dietary gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and host metabolic regulation.Nutrients,7(4), pp.2839-2849. Koh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P. and Bckhed, F., 2016. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites.Cell,165(6), pp.1332-1345. Lou, H., Lu, J., Choi, E.B., Oh, M.H., Jeong, M., Barmettler, S., Zhu, Z. and Zheng, T., 2017. Expression of IL-22 in the skin causes Th2-biased immunity, epidermal barrier dysfunction, and pruritus via stimulating epithelial Th2 cytokines and the GRP pathway.The Journal of Immunology,198(7), pp.2543-2555. Mobraten, K., Haug, T.M., Kleiveland, C.R. and Lea, T., 2013. Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs induce the same GPR120-mediated signalling events, but with different kinetics and intensity in Caco-2 cells. Lipids in health and disease, 12(1), p.101. Nagaraj, A.B., Joseph, P., Kovalenko, O., Singh, S., Armstrong, A., Redline, R., Resnick, K., Zanotti, K., Waggoner, S. and DiFeo, A., 2015. Critical role of Wnt/-catenin signaling in driving epithelial ovarian cancer platinum resistance.Oncotarget,6(27), p.23720. Ramakers, J.D., Mensink, R.P., Schaart, G. and Plat, J., 2007. Arachidonic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and oleic acid activates NF-B and elevates ICAM-1 expression in Caco-2 cells. Lipids, 42(8), pp.687-698. Sukhotnik, I., Hayari, L., Bashenko, Y., Chemodanov, E., Mogilner, J., Shamir, R., Yosef, F.B., Shaoul, R. and Coran, A.G., 2008. Dietary palmitic acid modulates intestinal re-growth after massive small bowel resection in a rat. Pediatric surgery international, 24(12), p.1313. Sun, M., Wu, W., Liu, Z. and Cong, Y., 2017. Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids, GPCR, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Journal of Gastroenterology, 52(1), pp.1-8. Tan, J., McKenzie, C., Potamitis, M., Thorburn, A.N., Mackay, C.R. and Macia, L., 2014. The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease.Adv Immunol,121(91), p.e119. Tang, Y., Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Robbins, G.T. and Nie, D., 2011. G?protein?coupled receptor for short?chain fatty acids suppresses colon cancer. International journal of cancer, 128(4), pp.847-856. Vinolo, M.A., Rodrigues, H.G., Nachbar, R.T. and Curi, R., 2011. Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids. Nutrients, 3(10), pp.858-876. Wei, J., Li, Z. and Yuan, F., 2014. Evodiamine might inhibit TGF?beta1?induced epithelialmesenchymal transition in NRK52E cells via Smad and PPAR?gamma pathway.Cell biology international,38(7), pp.875-880. Xia, Z., Han, Y., Wang, K., Guo, S., Wu, D., Huang, X., Li, Z. and Zhu, L., 2017. Oral administration of propionic acid during lactation enhances the colonic barrier function. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16(1), p.62. Zhang, J., Yi, M., Zha, L., Chen, S., Li, Z., Li, C., Gong, M., Deng, H., Chu, X., Chen, J. and Zhang, Z., 2016. Sodium butyrate induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in colorectal cells: implications for apoptosis. PloS one, 11(1), p.e0147218.

External Environment and Strategic Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the External Environment and Strategic Management. Answer: Introduction Strategy refers to a plan of action developed by individuals, groups, business, and organization for smooth operations, growth, and expansion of a business or process. With more people accessing the internet it is has become important for businesses and organizations to develop effective strategies to handle their operations(Sekhar, 2009). Failure to adopt or develop an effective business strategy will only result in the business failing to meet competitor specification resulting customers opting alternative brands. Strategy refers to a businesss action plan related to its product and service development and its production and market expansion. Every business must develop an action plan addressing continued product and service development as well as brand growth, diversification, and growth(Thompson, 2006). Five factors which must be included in a business or organizations strategic or action plan are listed below: It is imperative that every business retains its future vision and growth and expansion plan. This allows the business to constantly evaluate the market and competitors allowing the business to review competitor products and services and identify features the products are offering. This allows for the brand to also include those features to their future designs thus allowing them to remain competitive(Kumar, 2012). It also allows the brand to consider new innovative ideas by studying competitors in the market and combining their features to identify newer and more attractive features that can be infused to the brand's products or services to keep consumers interest interested in the brand's products and services. Failing to put together an innovation, development and growth planning team would result in the brand failing to deliver innovative products and services leading to self-destruct mode. This was experienced by Nokia which was once the best and most popular mobile phone brand but the brand failed to be investing in innovation resulting in the brand's sudden failure and loss. Identification of Strengths and Weaknesses Strategic planning also requires a business or organization to be able to undertake a strengths and weaknesses evolution. This is very important as it would allow the management identify areas the business is strong in but more importantly it would allow the business identify its weaknesses which can be reviewed to determine solutions(Hill Jones, 2007). One of the major concerns linked to many businesses is the failure to analysis, identify and accept their weaknesses. This results in business owners turning a blind eye towards the weakness which gradually disrupts the businesses operations leading to a sudden and serious failure. Identifying and understanding the weaknesses allows the business to work on solutions which help overcome the weakness, in turn, making the business more stable and strong. Strategic development plans must put in place the organizations as well as its staff's development needs. Only focusing on the business or organizations needs and ignoring staff needs would result in losing employee confidence which in turn will result in a high employee e turnover rate. This makes it important for the business to take into business to develop strategic plans which focus on familiar growth for all stake holders as well as offer the opportunity to build and learn new skills and knowledge. Skill and knowledge development among the staff is very important as many may not only be motivated by financial income and may also desire additional learning and skill development(WBP, 2007). By acknowledging their interest a business can win their confidence which would help the business develop more stable strategic and growth plans. Planned Resource allocation and utilization Raw materials and Resource are the most crucial element of any business. Every business depends heavily on raw materials, energy, utilities or man power which is all classified as resources. This makes it critical for the business to carefully plan its resource allocations and usage to prevent over use and wastage which could compromise operational plans. Resources must be evenly allocated and utilization plans developed to ensure even distribution and use of the resources throughout the year or until the resources can be replenished. Lack of planning results in resource exhaustion between projects which result in the forced closure of operations till resources are replenished(Carlos, 2008). The same applies to human resource making it important for businesses to educate and train the public and young professional regarding the profession or skills utilized by the business or organization so as to ensure a steady viability of skilled human resource to handle the businesses operations . The strategic plan must also be well aware regarding both the internal and external environmental factors influencing the business or organizations operations(Analoui Karami, 2003). These are factors which can be controlled by the business are organization. These usually include employee well-being, satisfaction, and performance; Product development and innovation and business expansion(Fitzen, 2009). These are factors which the business can influence to improve its performance and growth. External environmental factors are an element which cannot be controlled by the business directly. Supplier commitment, customer preferences, and government policies among several other elements cannot be controlled by a business or organization(Canzer, 2006). What challenges do organizations face in trying to develop and implement a strategy? Successful strategy implementation requires for the business overcome some challenges related to their development and implementations approaches(Verweire, 2014). Below are some important factors which influence static plan success.Development Development of strategic plans involved having a vision related to the businesses development. This involves the development of plans and strategies which will help improve the businesses operations(Melton, 2011). Some challenges which hamper strategic plan development include: A leader is responsible for managing their department as well as performing market research to identify competitors approaches. This makes it important for the leader to constantly review the market and competitors to determine new strategy development. Business and Organization Strategy also face serious complications related to irate planning where the management does not follow up to implement developed plans. These results in the stake holders investing time towards strategy plan development but the plan are never implemented resulting in the loss of contributor interest towards future plan development. Before announcing the requirement for a strategic plan, it is important to outline the objectives of the plan, selection strategy, and implementation. Strategic planning should not be made just to have strategic plans on paper as this doesnt help the business or organizations development. Another major problem related to the effective development of strategic plans is the lack of understanding related to the benefits of the plan to the business. Without a vision of the intended result, the business or organization heads are likely to not understand the importance of strategy development planning. This would result in the business failing to adopt innovation which would result in the business failing to develop new products with the latest features resulting in the gradual loss of customer confidence towards the brand's products or services. Plan development is only useful if the business implemented the plans making plan implementation another important aspect linked to successful strategic planning and development(Butuner, 2015). Some challenges related to planning implementation include: Partial commitment to strategic plans To execute a strategic plan successful it is critical for the stake holders to place their full attention towards the implementation of the plan. This is very important is it ensures full commitment towards strategic plan implementation and critical towards overcoming the complications related to the implementation of the plan. Partial commitment towards strategic plans will result in stakeholders failing to put their full focus towards the execution of the plan and this will result in missing important aspects. Being a new strategy, it is likely for the plan to experience major complications which require stakeholders full attention and focus to identify and result before they hamper the businesses operations. It is also important to have the right people involved in a project so as to execute and follow up on strategic plan implementation. This requires having academically qualifying as well as experiencing and committed people involved on the project to ensure its success. One major problem associated with failed strategic plan implementation is hiring an only qualified professional who lacks experience and knowledge. Experience and knowledge play an important role towards plan implementation since there are high chances of the project encountering an unexpected complication which may not be resolvable using only academic qualifications. In many situations, the solution to the problem may require previous experience and knowledge which makes it important to have an even balance of stakes holders who are qualified, have experience and vast knowledge for successful strategic plan implementation. Changes dont happen easily and most individuals, businesses, and organization will avoid change due to it disrupting the daily routine. This is clearly seen even at the individual levels where the staff does not accept changing their cabin or workstations easily and this is will most likely affect their performance for a short period before they get used to their surrounding again. The same applies at the business and organization level making it important that new strategic plans are carefully implemented to avoid them creating too many disruptions which will affect the business relatively. Do you think the strategy is still a relevant concept in the modern competitive environment? Modern competitive environment refers to the intensely competitive environment which businesses and organizations have experienced during the past 3 decades. The internet and moderns digital technologies have made improved businesses and organizations operations making it important for businesses to adopt new strategies so as to remain competitive in the global business environment(Stanley, 2012). This makes strategy a very important requirement for every business to adopt so as to remain competitive in the market. Developing effective strategic plans help businesses address the following concerns: Having a strategic plan will act as a guide for the businesses or organization. The strategic plans will clearly define the businesses goals, objectives and timeline with which these plans require to be implemented. Having plans allows the business to follow set guidelines which are critical towards the businesses operations and growth Strategy plans also involved the review and contributions of all business or organization stakeholders which allow the business identify important trends in the market as well as identify opportunity. It is important to identify trends so as to understand what competitors are offering their customers after whom innovation can take hold of the process and propose new ideas to be utilized on the businesses which will help improve the businesses opportunities(Ebener Smith, 2015). Innovation is critical towards any businesses success making it an important requirement for the business to review current trends and opportunities where the businesses or organization can expand their operations and improve success.Creates vision Strategic plans create vision towards the businesses or organization future development and growth. This allows all stake holders to focus their attention towards the businesses growth which is critical towards the businesses success. Vision allows the stake holders to set development and target milestones thus allowing the businesses achieve higher success rates as compared to businesses which do not have a strategic development plan. It also helps organize the staff and stakeholders who can develop long term plans for both their personal and well as business development. Conclusion Businesses and organizations must be able to develop effective strategic plans to address their future developmental needs. Every organization and stake holder must have a growth plan making it important for the business to develop the plans and also involve all stake holders to the strategic planning process. This helps secure the best feedback and approaches linked to the plans which can be used towards development and growth of the projects. Bibliography Analoui, F. Karami, A., 2003. Strategic Management in Small and Medium Enterprises. Cengage Learning EMEA. Butuner, H., 2015. Systematic Strategic Planning: A Comprehensive Framework for Implementation, Control, and Evaluation. Boca Roton: CRC Press. Canzer, B., 2006. E-Business: Strategic Thinking and Practice: Strategic Thinking and Practice. Boston: Cengage Learning. Carlos, F., 2008. Enterprise Resource Planning for Global Economies: Managerial Issues and Challenges: Managerial Issues and Challenges. Hershey: IGI Global. Ebener, D.R. Smith, F.L., 2015. Strategic Planning: An Interactive Process for Leaders. Mahwah: Paulist Press. Fitzen, L., 2009. Marketing Environment: What factors internal to an organisation can have an influence on the way it perceives and responds to its external environment? GRIN Verlag. Hill, C. Jones, G., 2007. Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. 8th ed. Cengage Learning. Kumar, D.D., 2012. Enterprise Growth Strategy: Vision, Planning and Execution. Cornwall: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Melton, T., 2011. Real Project Planning: Developing a Project Delivery Strategy. Bulington: Butterworth-Heinemann. Sekhar, G.V.S., 2009. Business Policy and Strategic Management. New Delhi: I. K. International Pvt Ltd. Stanley, C.A., 2012. Strategic Planning: A Practical Guide for Competitive Success. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Thompson, 2006. Crafting And Executing Strategy:The Quest For Competitive Advantage (Special Indian Edition). 14th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Verweire, K., 2014. Strategy Implementation. Oxon: Routledge. WBP, 2007. Building Knowledge Economies: Advanced Strategies for Development. Washington DC: World Bank Publications.